What was a common feature in the urban areas of East Africa during this era?

The flourishing trade networks in urban areas of East Africa during this era played a significant role in shaping the region's social, economic, and cultural landscapes. These urban centers became important hubs for commerce, where merchants exchanged goods such as gold, ivory, and spices with traders from various parts of the world, including the Middle East, Asia, and later Europe. The strategic location of cities along trade routes, especially those near the Indian Ocean, facilitated connections to distant markets and contributed to the growth of wealth and power within these cities.

The impact of these trade networks extended beyond mere economic transactions; they also led to the exchange of cultural and religious ideas, resulting in a rich tapestry of cultural diversity within East African urban areas. This interconnectedness allowed for a dynamic environment where different ethnic groups and cultures interacted, influencing art, language, and social structures.

Other options present characteristics that do not accurately reflect the urban features of East Africa during this era. For instance, decentralized governance was often a characteristic of certain regions but not necessarily indicative of the structured urban centers formed around trade. Rural-based economies are less relevant in this context, as urban areas were becoming increasingly significant centers of trade and commerce rather than being dominated by rural activities. Lastly, the claim of an absence of