What distinguishes a city from a village during Neolithic times?

The distinction between a city and a village during Neolithic times can primarily be attributed to the specialization of labor. In a city, the increase in population density and the complexity of social organization allowed individuals to engage in specific trades and professions rather than solely focusing on subsistence farming or basic survival activities. This specialized labor contributed to advancements in various areas such as crafts, trade, and governance, which were less pronounced in the simpler, more homogenous economies of villages.

As cities grew, different roles emerged, which could include artisans, traders, religious leaders, and administrators. This contrasts with villages, where the population tended to work collectively in agriculture and shared tasks to meet their basic needs. The surplus generated in cities, due to specialized labor, also facilitated trade and the development of more complex societal structures.

While aspects like greater population density, written records, and monumental architecture are indeed associated with urban areas, they are often consequences or characteristics of specialization in labor rather than primary distinctions. Thus, specialization of labor encapsulates the key element that defines urban life in contrast to rural communities during the Neolithic era.