According to historical accounts, which demographic aspect significantly impacted the budget of the Byzantine Empire?

The budget of the Byzantine Empire was significantly affected by military expenditures due to its strategic focus on defense and military campaigns. The empire faced numerous external threats from various groups, including Persians, Slavs, and later, the Ottomans. Maintaining a strong military presence was essential for the empire's survival and territorial integrity. As a result, a large portion of the budget was allocated to funding the army, which included salaries, training, equipment, and fortifications.

This emphasis on military spending not only shaped the empire's financial priorities but also influenced its political decisions and diplomatic relations. The need for resources to support a robust military often took precedence over other aspects such as infrastructure, cultural events, or diplomacy. In times of crisis or war, military expenditures could escalate further, commanding even more of the empire's budgetary resources. Thus, the military's role in both defense and expansion was a critical factor shaping Byzantine fiscal policies.